COVID-19, an illness caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, primarily affects the respiratory system, manifesting symptoms such as cough, fever, and breathing difficulties. However, the range of symptoms can be quite varied, and in some cases, swollen lymph nodes might occur due to this infection.

Understanding Lymph Nodes

Lymph nodes, often referred to as glands, are small, bean-shaped structures part of our immune system, found throughout the body. Their primary role is to filter out harmful substances, including viruses and bacteria. Under normal circumstances, they feel firm, similar to a pea. When an infection occurs, lymph nodes create more white blood cells to combat the intruders, leading them to swell and become softer to the touch.

While it’s not a common symptom of COVID-19, swelling of the lymph nodes in the neck region can sometimes occur. This article delves into this phenomenon, exploring underlying reasons, potential alternative causes, and guidance on when to seek medical advice.

Appearance of Swollen Lymph Nodes

Swollen lymph nodes typically present as noticeable bumps beneath the skin, commonly observed in various areas of the neck.

Are Enlarged Glands in the Neck Indicative of COVID-19?

Swollen lymph nodes are not typically recognized as a hallmark symptom of COVID-19. Nevertheless, documented instances in 2020 highlighted cases where individuals with the virus also experienced lymph node swelling. For example, one case report described a young male presenting with swollen glands in his neck, while another noted a young female who exhibited this symptom alongside mild COVID-19 symptoms.

Another research article included three cases of lymph node swelling in individuals who tested positive for COVID-19. It’s hypothesized that the virus can induce inflammation in the throat, which triggers a response in nearby lymph nodes, leading to swelling.

Common Neck and Throat Symptoms of COVID-19

The following symptoms are more frequently associated with COVID-19 in the neck and throat area:

• Cough
• Sore throat
• Muscle aches (potentially affecting the neck)

General Symptoms of COVID-19

Common symptoms experienced by individuals infected with COVID-19 include:

• Cough
• Fever or chills
• Shortness of breath
• Difficulties in breathing
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches
• Body aches
• Loss of taste or smell
• Sore throat
• Runny nose
• Headache
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Diarrhea

Individuals with COVID-19 are more likely to experience these general symptoms rather than lymph node swelling.

Do Swollen Lymph Nodes Persist After COVID-19?

Research on lymph node swelling post-COVID-19 recovery is limited. A 2021 case report indicated that some individuals may experience persistence or recurrence of swollen lymph nodes even after recovery. In one notable case, a young woman presented with swollen glands in the hilum and mediastinum areas following her recovery.

Swollen Lymph Nodes Following COVID-19 Vaccination

It’s also possible to develop swollen lymph nodes after receiving a COVID-19 vaccine. This often occurs in the neck or armpit regions, especially near the injection site. For instance, a 2021 study reported that out of 80 vaccine recipients, four developed swollen lymph nodes in their neck after the first dose. Furthermore, an FDA report highlighted swollen lymph nodes in the armpit as a common localized reaction.

This swelling typically appears 2 to 4 days following vaccination and is more frequently associated with the Moderna vaccine, although it can also occur with the Pfizer vaccine. This reaction indicates the body’s immune response to the vaccine, which contains mRNA prompting the production of spike proteins, thus triggering an immune response, including lymph node swelling.

Other Causes of Swollen Lymph Nodes in the Neck

Besides COVID-19, various conditions and infections can lead to swollen lymph nodes in the neck, including:

• Ear infections
• Common cold or flu
• Tonsillitis
• Mononucleosis (mono)
• Herpes infections
• HIV
• Strep throat
• Tuberculosis
• Rheumatoid arthritis
• Lupus
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thyroiditis
• Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
• Side effects from certain medications

When Should You Consult a Healthcare Provider?

If you suspect a COVID-19 infection, it is advisable to consult a healthcare professional who can provide guidance based on your symptoms. Following vaccination, swollen lymph nodes are generally not a cause for alarm, but consult a physician if concerned.

You should see a doctor if you experience:

• Swollen lymph nodes persisting for more than two weeks
• Red, tender, or painful lymph nodes
• Difficulties in breathing or swallowing
• Night sweats
• Unexplained fever
• Significant weight loss

Medical Emergencies

Immediate medical attention is required for the following symptoms:

• Persistent fever
• Chills
• Difficulties in swallowing or breathing

Conclusion

While swollen lymph nodes in the neck or under the jaw can occur in individuals with COVID-19, such occurrences are relatively rare. More frequently, vaccine recipients may experience lymph node swelling as a part of the immune response. If you're worried about any swelling in your lymph nodes, consult with your healthcare provider for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment options.